Extension of the effective modal seismic design method to generally irregular RC wall structures     

Philip J. Wilkinson  Oren Lavan 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(11):5341-5370

Structural irregularity in new buildings is sometimes desired for aesthetic reasons. Often it is unavoidable due to different uses in adjacent spaces within the building. The seismic behaviour of irregular structures is harder to predict than that of regular buildings. More comprehensive analysis techniques are often required to achieve adequate accuracy. Designing irregular structures poses additional challenges as the structural characteristics are unknown. There is a lack of practical design methods that reliably produce economic and seismically robust design solutions for highly irregular RC structures. This paper presents an extension of the Effective Modal Design (EMD) method from asymmetric-plan RC wall buildings to vertically setback asymmetric-plan RC wall buildings. EMD is a generalization of the Direct Displacement-Based Design method for highly irregular ductile uncoupled RC wall structures. EMD reverse engineers a multi-degree of freedom Equivalent Linear System to produce the most economic design solution that achieves the target performance levels. The utility of EMD is verified for a wide range of setback asymmetric-plan reinforced concrete wall structures using nonlinear time history analysis of reasonably realistic 3D structural models. Advantages of EMD include explicit consideration of nonlinear, torsional and ‘higher mode’ effects. The method produces capacity-designed design actions for all reinforced concrete walls in the seismic structural system. EMD only requires three response spectrum type analyses. It does not require time history analysis or pushover analysis. EMD is a practical seismic design method for generally irregular RC wall buildings that uses analysis techniques that most engineering practitioners are familiar and confident with. It was found that for over 95% of the structures considered, EMD achieved critical mean peak responses between ??20 and +?15% of the target response values, with a median of ??5%. This significant improvement in design accuracy and reliability (compared to traditional force based design) was achieved at the relatively small additional computational effort of two Response Spectrum Analyses. This demonstrates the value that the proposed Effective Modal Design method adds to the current spectrum of seismic design methods for irregular ductile RC wall structures.  相似文献   

Comparison between cyclic and dynamic rocking behavior for embedded shallow foundation using centrifuge tests     

Kil-Wan Ko  Jeong-Gon Ha  Heon-Joon Park  Dong-Soo Kim 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(11):5171-5193

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Modeling studies of tidal dynamics and the associated responses to coastline changes in the Bohai Sea,China     

Longhai Zhu  Rijun Hu  Haijun Zhu  Shenghui Jiang  Yongchen Xu  Nan Wang 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(12):1625-1648

Over the past 30 years, reclamation projects and related changes have impacted the hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the Bohai Sea. Three-dimensional tidal current models of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea were constructed using the MIKE 3 model. We used a refined grid to simulate and analyze the effects of changes in coastline, depth, topography, reclamation, the Yellow River estuary, and coastal erosion on tidal systems, tide levels, tidal currents, residual currents, and tidal fluxes. The simulation results show that the relative change in the amplitude of the half-day tide is greater than that of the full-day tide. The changes in the tidal amplitudes of M₂, S₂, K₁, and O₁ caused by coastline changes accounted for 27.76–99.07% of the overall change in amplitude from 1987 to 2016, and water depth changes accounted for 0.93–72.24% of the overall change. The dominant factor driving coastline changes is reclamation, accounting for 99.55–99.91% of the amplitude changes in tidal waves, followed by coastal erosion, accounting for 0.05–0.40% of the tidal wave amplitude changes. The contribution of changes in the Yellow River estuary to tidal wave amplitude changes is small, accounting for 0.01–0.12% of the amplitude change factor. The change in the highest tide level (HTL) is mainly related to the amplitude change, and the correlation with the phase change is small. The dominant factor responsible for the change in the HTL is the tide amplitude change in M2, followed by S2, whereas the influence of the K1 and O1 tides on the change in the HTL is small. Reclamation resulted in a decrease in the vertical average maximum flow velocity (V_VAM) in the Bohai Sea. Shallower water depths have led to an increase in the V_VAM; deeper water depths have led to a decrease in the maximum flow velocity. The absolute value of the maximum flow velocity gradually decreases from the surface to the bottom, but the relative change value is basically constant. The changes in the tidal dynamics of the Bohai Sea are proportional to the degree of change in the coastline. The maximum and minimum changes in the tidal flux appear in Laizhou Bay (P-LZB) and Liaodong Bay (P-LDB), respectively. The changes in the tidal flux are related to the change in the area of the bay. Due to the reduced tidal flux, the water exchange capacity of the Bohai Sea has decreased, impacting the ecological environment of the Bohai Sea. Strictly controlling the scale of reclamation are important measures for reducing the decline in the water exchange capacity of the Bohai Sea and the deterioration of its ecological environment.  相似文献   

Individual wave height and wave crest distributions based on field measurements from the northern North Sea     

Børge Kvingedal  Kjersti Bruserud  Einar Nygaard 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(12):1727-1738

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The Wadden Sea in transition - consequences of sea level rise     

Johannes Becherer  Jacobus Hofstede  Ulf Gräwe  Kaveh Purkiani  Elisabeth Schulz  Hans Burchard 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(1):131-151

The impact of sea level rise (SLR) on the future morphological development of the Wadden Sea (North Sea) is investigated by means of extensive process-resolving numerical simulations. A new sediment and morphodynamic module was implemented in the well-established 3D circulation model GETM. A number of different validations are presented, ranging from an idealized 1D channel over a semi-idealized 2D Wadden Sea basin to a fully coupled realistic 40-year hindcast without morphological amplification of the Sylt-Rømøbight, a semi-enclosed subsystem of the Wadden Sea. Based on the results of the hindcast, four distinct future scenarios covering the period 2010–2100 are simulated. While these scenarios differ in the strength of SLR and wind forcing, they also account for an expected increase of tidal range over the coming century. The results of the future projections indicate a transition from a tidal-flat-dominated system toward a lagoon-like system, in which large fractions of the Sylt-Rømøbight will remain permanently covered by water. This has potentially dramatic implications for the unique ecosystem of the Wadden Sea. Although the simulations also predict an increased accumulation of sediment in the back-barrier basin, this accumulation is far too weak to compensate for the rise in mean sea level.  相似文献   

The effect of geometry and tidal forcing on hydrodynamics and net sediment transport in semi-enclosed tidal basins     

Thomas Boelens  Henk Schuttelaars  George Schramkowski  Tom De Mulder 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(10):1285-1309

A new depth-averaged exploratory model has been developed to investigate the hydrodynamics and the tidally averaged sediment transport in a semi-enclosed tidal basin. This model comprises the two-dimensional (2DH) dynamics in a tidal basin that consists of a channel of arbitrary length, flanked by tidal flats, in which the water motion is being driven by an asymmetric tidal forcing at the seaward side. The equations are discretized in space by means of the finite element method and solved in the frequency domain. In this study, the lateral variations of the tidal asymmetry and the tidally averaged sediment transport are analyzed, as well as their sensitivity to changes in basin geometry and external overtides. The Coriolis force is taken into account. It is found that the length of the tidal basin and, to a lesser extent, the tidal flat area and the convergence length determine the behaviour of the tidally averaged velocity and the overtides and consequently control the strength and the direction of the tidally averaged sediment transport. Furthermore, the externally prescribed overtides can have a major influence on tidal asymmetry in the basin, depending on their amplitude and phase. Finally, for sufficiently wide tidal basins, the Coriolis force generates significant lateral dynamics.  相似文献   

Modeling lateral circulation and its influence on the along-channel flow in a branched estuary     

Lei Zhu  Qing He  Jian Shen 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(2):177-191

A numerical modeling study of the influence of the lateral flow on the estuarine exchange flow was conducted in the north passage of the Changjiang estuary. The lateral flows show substantial variabilities within a flood-ebb tidal cycle. The strong lateral flow occurring during flood tide is caused primarily by the unique cross-shoal flow that induces a strong northward (looking upstream) barotropic force near the surface and advects saltier water toward the northern part of the channel, resulting in a southward baroclinic force caused by the lateral density gradient. Thus, a two-layer structure of lateral flows is produced during the flood tide. The lateral flows are vigorous near the flood slack and the magnitude can exceed that of the along-channel tidal flow during that period. The strong vertical shear of the lateral flows and the salinity gradient in lateral direction generate lateral tidal straining, which are out of phase with the along-channel tidal straining. Consequently, stratification is enhanced at the early stage of the ebb tide. In contrast, strong along-channel straining is apparent during the late ebb tide. The vertical mixing disrupts the vertical density gradient, thus suppressing stratification. The impact of lateral straining on stratification during spring tide is more pronounced than that of along-channel straining during late flood and early ebb tides. The momentum balance along the estuary suggests that lateral flow can augment the residual exchange flow. The advection of lateral flows brings low-energy water from the shoal to the deep channel during the flood tide, whereas the energetic water is moved to the shoal via lateral advection during the ebb tide. The impact of lateral flow on estuarine circulation of this multiple-channel estuary is different from single-channel estuary. A model simulation by blocking the cross-shoal flow shows that the magnitudes of lateral flows and tidal straining are reduced. Moreover, the reduced lateral tidal straining results in a decrease in vertical stratification from the late flood to early ebb tides during the spring tide. By contrast, the along-channel tidal straining becomes dominant. The model results illustrate the important dynamic linkage between lateral flows and estuarine dynamics in the Changjiang estuary.  相似文献   

Numerical study on transient harbor oscillations induced by successive solitary waves   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Junliang Gao  Chunyan Ji  Yingyi Liu  Xiaojian Ma  Oleg Gaidai 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(2):193-209

Tsunamis are traveling waves which are characterized by long wavelengths and large amplitudes close to the shore. Due to the transformation of tsunamis, undular bores have been frequently observed in the coastal zone and can be viewed as a sequence of solitary waves with different wave heights and different separation distances among them. In this article, transient harbor oscillations induced by incident successive solitary waves are first investigated. The transient oscillations are simulated by a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model, FUNWAVE-TVD. The incident successive solitary waves include double solitary waves and triple solitary waves. This paper mainly focuses on the effects of different waveform parameters of the incident successive solitary waves on the relative wave energy distribution inside the harbor. These wave parameters include the incident wave height, the relative separation distance between adjacent crests, and the number of elementary solitary waves in the incident wave train. The relative separation distance between adjacent crests is defined as the ratio of the distance between adjacent crests in the incident wave train to the effective wavelength of the single solitary wave. Maximum oscillations inside the harbor excited by various incident waves are also discussed. For comparison, the transient oscillation excited by the single solitary wave is also considered. The harbor used in this paper is assumed to be long and narrow and has constant depth; the free surface movement inside the harbor is essentially one-dimensional. This study reveals that, for the given harbor and for the variation ranges of all the waveform parameters of the incident successive solitary waves studied in this paper, the larger incident wave heights and the smaller number of elementary solitary waves in the incident tsunami lead to a more uniform relative wave energy distribution inside the harbor. For the successive solitary waves, the larger relative separation distance between adjacent crests can cause more obvious fluctuations of the relative wave energy distribution over different resonant modes. When the wave height of the elementary solitary wave in the successive solitary waves equals to that of the single solitary wave and the relative separation distance between adjacent crests is equal to or greater than 0.6, the maximum oscillation inside the harbor induced by the successive solitary waves is almost identical to that excited by the single solitary wave.  相似文献   

The transverse dynamics of flow in a tidal channel within a greater strait     

Maziar Khosravi  Seyed Mostafa Siadatmousavi  Ross Vennell  Vahid Chegini 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(2):239-254

Vessel-mounted ADCP measurements were conducted to describe the transverse structure of flow between the two headland tips in Khuran Channel, south of Iran (26° 45′ N), where the highest tidal velocities in spring tides were ~?1.8 m/s. Current profiles were obtained using a 614.4 kHz TRDI WorkHorse Broadband ADCP over nine repetitions of three cross-channel transects during one semidiurnal tidal cycle. The 2.2-km-long transects ran north/south across the channel. A least-square fit to semidiurnal, quarter-diurnal, and sixth diurnal harmonics was used to separate the tidal signals from the observed flow. Spatial gradients showed that the greatest lateral shears and convergences were found over the northern channel and near the northern headland tip due to very sharp bathymetric changes in this area. Contrary to the historical assumption, the across-channel momentum balance in the Khuran Channel was ageostrophic. The current study represents one of the few examples reported where the lateral friction influences the across-channel momentum balance.  相似文献   

Revisiting tropical instability wave variability in the Atlantic ocean using SODA reanalysis     

Hatsue Takanaca de Decco  Audalio Rebelo Torres Junior  Luciano Ponzi Pezzi  Luiz Landau 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(3):327-345

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